Atualizações baseadas em gatilhos personalizados para PostgreSQL

• Todas as tabelas precisam de PK. Você não deve confiar no ctid (mesmo com o autovacuum desativado)
• Você precisará habilitar o gatilho para todas as tabelas vinculadas de restrição (e pode precisar de FK adiado)
• As sequências precisam de sincronização manual
• As permissões não são replicadas (a menos que você também configure um acionador de evento)
• Os acionadores de eventos podem ajudar na automação do suporte a novas tabelas, mas é melhor não complicar demais um processo já complicado. (como criar um gatilho e uma tabela externa na criação da tabela, também criar a mesma tabela no servidor externo ou alterar a tabela do servidor remoto com a mesma alteração, você faz no banco de dados antigo)
• Para cada gatilho de instrução é menos confiável, mas provavelmente mais simples
• Você deve imaginar vividamente seu processo de migração de dados preexistente
• Você deve planejar a acessibilidade limitada de tabelas ao configurar e ativar a replicação baseada em gatilho
• Você deve conhecer totalmente suas dependências e restrições de relações antes de seguir esse caminho.

\c PostgreSQL
select pg_terminate_backend(pid) from pg_stat_activity where datname in ('p93','p10');
drop database if exists p93;
drop database if exists p10;

create database p93; --old db (I use 9.3 as oldest supported ATM version)
create database p10; --new db 

\c p93
create type myenum as enum('a', 'b');--adding some complex types
create type mycomposit as (a int, b text); --and again...
create table t(i serial not null primary key, ts timestamptz(0) default now(), j json, t text, e myenum, c mycomposit);
insert into t values(0, now(), '{"a":{"aa":[1,3,2]}}', 'foo', 'b', (3,'aloha'));
insert into t (j,e) values ('{"b":null}', 'a');
insert into t (t) select chr(g) from generate_series(100,240) g;--add some more data
delete from t where i > 3 and i < 142; --mockup activity and mix tuples to be not sequential
insert into t (t) select null;

  ctid   |  i  |           ts           |          j           |  t  | e |     c     
---------+-----+------------------------+----------------------+-----+---+-----------
 (0,1)   |   0 | 2018-07-08 08:03:00+03 | {"a":{"aa":[1,3,2]}} | foo | b | (3,aloha)
 (0,2)   |   1 | 2018-07-08 08:03:00+03 | {"b":null}           |     | a | 
 (0,3)   |   2 | 2018-07-08 08:03:00+03 |                      | d   |   | 
 (0,4)   |   3 | 2018-07-08 08:03:00+03 |                      | e   |   | 
 (0,143) | 142 | 2018-07-08 08:03:00+03 |                      | ð   |   | 
 (0,144) | 143 | 2018-07-08 08:03:00+03 |                      |     |   | 
(6 rows)

update t set j = '{}' where i =3; --(0,4)

create extension PostgreSQL_fdw;
create server p10 foreign data wrapper PostgreSQL_fdw options (host 'localhost', dbname 'p10'); --I know it's the same 9.3 server - change host to other version and use other cluster if you wish. It's not important for the sandbox...
create user MAPPING FOR vao SERVER p10 options(user 'vao', password 'tsun');

\c p10
create type myenum as enum('a', 'b');--adding some complex types
create type mycomposit as (a int, b text); --and again...
create table t(i serial not null primary key, ts timestamptz(0) default now(), j json, t text, e myenum, c mycomposit);

\c p93
create foreign table f_t(i serial, ts timestamptz(0) default now(), j json, t text, e myenum, c mycomposit) server p10 options (TABLE_name 't');

create or replace function tgf_i() returns trigger as $$
begin
  execute format('insert into %I select ($1).*','f_'||TG_RELNAME) using NEW;
  return NEW;
end;
$$ language plpgsql;

--OK - first table ready - lets try logical trigger based replication on inserts:
insert into t (t) select 'one';
--and now transactional:
begin;
  insert into t (t) select 'two';
  select ctid, * from f_t;
  select ctid, * from t;
rollback;
select ctid, * from f_t where i > 143;
select ctid, * from t where i > 143;

INSERT 0 1
BEGIN
INSERT 0 1
 ctid  |  i  |           ts           | j |  t  | e | c 
-------+-----+------------------------+---+-----+---+---
 (0,1) | 144 | 2018-07-08 08:27:15+03 |   | one |   | 
 (0,2) | 145 | 2018-07-08 08:27:15+03 |   | two |   | 
(2 rows)

  ctid   |  i  |           ts           |          j           |  t  | e |     c     
---------+-----+------------------------+----------------------+-----+---+-----------
 (0,1)   |   0 | 2018-07-08 08:27:15+03 | {"a":{"aa":[1,3,2]}} | foo | b | (3,aloha)
 (0,2)   |   1 | 2018-07-08 08:27:15+03 | {"b":null}           |     | a | 
 (0,3)   |   2 | 2018-07-08 08:27:15+03 |                      | d   |   | 
 (0,143) | 142 | 2018-07-08 08:27:15+03 |                      | ð   |   | 
 (0,144) | 143 | 2018-07-08 08:27:15+03 |                      |     |   | 
 (0,145) |   3 | 2018-07-08 08:27:15+03 | {}                   | e   |   | 
 (0,146) | 144 | 2018-07-08 08:27:15+03 |                      | one |   | 
 (0,147) | 145 | 2018-07-08 08:27:15+03 |                      | two |   | 
(8 rows)

ROLLBACK
 ctid  |  i  |           ts           | j |  t  | e | c 
-------+-----+------------------------+---+-----+---+---
 (0,1) | 144 | 2018-07-08 08:27:15+03 |   | one |   | 
(1 row)

  ctid   |  i  |           ts           | j |  t  | e | c 
---------+-----+------------------------+---+-----+---+---
 (0,146) | 144 | 2018-07-08 08:27:15+03 |   | one |   | 
(1 row)

insert into … select local.* from ...outer join foreign where foreign.PK is null 

create trigger tgu before update on t for each row execute procedure tgf_u();

begin;
        update t set j = '{"updated":true}' where i = 144;
        select * from t where i = 144;
        select * from f_t where i = 144;
Rollback;

BEGIN
psql:blog.sql:71: INFO:  (144,"2018-07-08 09:09:20+03","{""updated"":true}",one,,)
UPDATE 1
  i  |           ts           |        j         |  t  | e | c 
-----+------------------------+------------------+-----+---+---
 144 | 2018-07-08 09:09:20+03 | {"updated":true} | one |   | 
(1 row)

  i  |           ts           |        j         |  t  | e | c 
-----+------------------------+------------------+-----+---+---
 144 | 2018-07-08 09:09:20+03 | {"updated":true} | one |   | 
(1 row)

ROLLBACK

create trigger tgd before delete on t for each row execute procedure tgf_d();

begin;
        delete from t where i = 144;
        select * from t where i = 144;
        select * from f_t where i = 144;
Rollback;

DELETE 1
 i | ts | j | t | e | c 
---+----+---+---+---+---
(0 rows)

 i | ts | j | t | e | c 
---+----+---+---+---+---
(0 rows)

begin;
        select * from t where i = 3;
        delete from t where i = 3;
        select * from t where i = 3;
        select * from f_t where i = 3;
Rollback;

p93=# begin;
BEGIN
p93=#         select * from t where i = 3;
 i |           ts           | j  | t | e | c 
---+------------------------+----+---+---+---
 3 | 2018-07-08 09:16:27+03 | {} | e |   | 
(1 row)

p93=#         delete from t where i = 3;
DELETE 1
p93=#         select * from t where i = 3;
 i | ts | j | t | e | c 
---+----+---+---+---+---
(0 rows)

p93=#         select * from f_t where i = 3;
 i | ts | j | t | e | c 
---+----+---+---+---+---
(0 rows)

p93=# rollback;

BEGIN
psql:blog.sql:86: ERROR:  This data is not replicated yet, thus can't be deleted
psql:blog.sql:87: ERROR:  current transaction is aborted, commands ignored until end of transaction block
psql:blog.sql:88: ERROR:  current transaction is aborted, commands ignored until end of transaction block
ROLLBACK

create table c (i serial, t int references t(i), x text);
--and accordingly a foreign table - the one on newer version...
\c p10
create table c (i serial, t int references t(i), x text);
\c p93
create foreign table f_c(i serial, t int, x text) server p10 options (TABLE_name 'c');
--let’s pretend it had some data before we decided to migrate with triggers to a higher version
insert into c (t,x) values (1,'FK');
--- so now we add triggers to replicate DML:
create trigger tgi before insert on c for each row execute procedure tgf_i();
create trigger tgu before update on c for each row execute procedure tgf_u();
create trigger tgd before delete on c for each row execute procedure tgf_d();

--now, what would happen if we tr inserting referenced FK, that does not exist on remote db?..
insert into c (t,x) values (2,'FK');
/* it fails with:
psql:blog.sql:139: ERROR:  insert or update on table "c" violates foreign key constraint "c_t_fkey"
a new row isn't inserted neither on remote, nor local db, so we have safe data consistencyy, but inserts are blocked?..
Yes untill data that existed untill trigerising gets to remote db - ou cant insert FK with before triggerising keys, yet - a new (both t and c tables) data will be accepted:
*/
insert into t(i) values(4); --I use gap we got by deleting data above, so I dont need to "returning" and know the exact id -less coding in sample script
insert into c(t) values(4);
select * from c;
select * from f_c;

psql:blog.sql:109: ERROR:  insert or update on table "c" violates foreign key constraint "c_t_fkey"
DETAIL:  Key (t)=(2) is not present in table "t".
CONTEXT:  Remote SQL command: INSERT INTO public.c(i, t, x) VALUES ($1, $2, $3)
SQL statement "insert into f_c select ($1).*"
PL/pgSQL function tgf_i() line 3 at EXECUTE statement
INSERT 0 1
INSERT 0 1
 i | t | x  
---+---+----
 1 | 1 | FK
 3 | 4 | 
(2 rows)

 i | t | x 
---+---+---
 3 | 4 | 
(1 row)

Conclusão

• https://www.PostgreSQL.org/docs/current/static/different-replication-solutions.html
• https://stackoverflow.com/questions/15343075/update-multiple-columns-in-a-trigger-function-in-plpgsql