Manipulando Bancos de Dados SQL com PyQt:O Básico

• Use o suporte a SQL do PyQt para se conectar de forma confiável a um banco de dados
• Executar consultas SQL em um banco de dados usando PyQt
• Use a arquitetura Model-View do PyQt em aplicativos de banco de dados
• Exiba e edite dados usando diferentes widgets do PyQt

Conectando o PyQt a um banco de dados SQL

Criando uma conexão de banco de dados

QSqlDatabase.addDatabase(
    driver, connectionName=QSqlDatabase.defaultConnection
)

>>> from PyQt5.QtSql import QSqlDatabase

>>> con = QSqlDatabase.addDatabase("QSQLITE")
>>> con.setDatabaseName("contacts.sqlite")

>>> con
<PyQt5.QtSql.QSqlDatabase object at 0x7f0facec0c10>

>>> con.databaseName()
'contacts.sqlite'

>>> con.connectionName()
'qt_sql_default_connection'

Como lidar com várias conexões

>>> from PyQt5.QtSql import QSqlDatabase

>>> # First connection
>>> con1 = QSqlDatabase.addDatabase("QSQLITE", "con1")
>>> con1.setDatabaseName("contacts.sqlite")

>>> # Second connection
>>> con2 = QSqlDatabase.addDatabase("QSQLITE", "con2")
>>> con2.setDatabaseName("contacts.sqlite")

>>> con1
<PyQt5.QtSql.QSqlDatabase object at 0x7f367f5fbf90>
>>> con2
<PyQt5.QtSql.QSqlDatabase object at 0x7f3686dd7510>

>>> con1.databaseName()
'contacts.sqlite'
>>> con2.databaseName()
'contacts.sqlite'

>>> con1.connectionName()
'con1'
>>> con2.connectionName()
'con2'

>>> from PyQt5.QtSql import QSqlDatabase

>>> db = QSqlDatabase.database("con1", open=False)

>>> db.databaseName()
'contacts.sqlite'
>>> db.connectionName()
'con1'

1. connectionName contém o nome da conexão que você precisa usar. Se você não passar um nome de conexão, a conexão padrão será usada.
2. open contém um valor booleano que informa .database() se você deseja abrir a conexão automaticamente ou não. Se open é True (o padrão) e a conexão não estiver aberta, a conexão será aberta automaticamente.

Usando diferentes SQL Divers

Abrindo uma conexão de banco de dados

1. .open() abre uma conexão de banco de dados usando os valores de conexão atuais.
2. .open(username, password) abre uma conexão de banco de dados usando o username fornecido e password .

>>> from PyQt5.QtSql import QSqlDatabase

>>> # Create the connection
>>> con = QSqlDatabase.addDatabase("QSQLITE")
>>> con.setDatabaseName("contacts.sqlite")

>>> # Open the connection
>>> con.open()
True
>>> con.isOpen()
True

>>> import sys
>>> from PyQt5.QtSql import QSqlDatabase

>>> # Create the connection
>>> con = QSqlDatabase.addDatabase("QSQLITE")
>>> con.setDatabaseName("contacts.sqlite")

>>> # Open the connection and handle errors
>>> if not con.open():
...     print("Unable to connect to the database")
...     sys.exit(1)

 1import sys
 2
 3from PyQt5.QtSql import QSqlDatabase
 4from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QApplication, QMessageBox, QLabel
 5
 6# Create the connection
 7con = QSqlDatabase.addDatabase("QSQLITE")
 8con.setDatabaseName("/home/contacts.sqlite")
 9
10# Create the application
11app = QApplication(sys.argv)
12
13# Try to open the connection and handle possible errors
14if not con.open():
15    QMessageBox.critical(
16        None,
17        "App Name - Error!",
18        "Database Error: %s" % con.lastError().databaseText(),
19    )
20    sys.exit(1)
21
22# Create the application's window
23win = QLabel("Connection Successfully Opened!")
24win.setWindowTitle("App Name")
25win.resize(200, 100)
26win.show()
27sys.exit(app.exec_())

Executando consultas SQL com PyQt

1. 
   QSqlQuery(query, connection) constrói um objeto de consulta usando uma query SQL baseada em string e um banco de dados connection . Se você não especificar uma conexão ou se a conexão especificada for inválida, a conexão de banco de dados padrão será usada. Se query não é uma string vazia, então ela será executada imediatamente.
   
2. 
   QSqlQuery(connection) constrói um objeto de consulta usando connection . Se connection for inválido, a conexão padrão será usada.
   

1. 
   .exec(query) executa a consulta SQL baseada em string contida em query . Ele retorna True se a consulta foi bem-sucedida e, caso contrário, retornará False .
   
2. 
   .exec() executa uma consulta SQL previamente preparada. Ele retorna True se a consulta foi bem-sucedida e, caso contrário, retornará False .
   

Executando consultas SQL estáticas

 1import sys
 2
 3from PyQt5.QtSql import QSqlDatabase, QSqlQuery
 4
 5# Create the connection
 6con = QSqlDatabase.addDatabase("QSQLITE")
 7con.setDatabaseName("contacts.sqlite")
 8
 9# Open the connection
10if not con.open():
11    print("Database Error: %s" % con.lastError().databaseText())
12    sys.exit(1)
13
14# Create a query and execute it right away using .exec()
15createTableQuery = QSqlQuery()
16createTableQuery.exec(
17    """
18    CREATE TABLE contacts (
19        id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT UNIQUE NOT NULL,
20        name VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL,
21        job VARCHAR(50),
22        email VARCHAR(40) NOT NULL
23    )
24    """
25)
26
27print(con.tables())

Executando consultas dinâmicas:formatação de string

1. Crie a consulta dinamicamente, usando formatação de string para interpolar valores de parâmetro.
2. Prepare a consulta usando parâmetros de espaço reservado e vincule valores específicos aos parâmetros.

>>> from PyQt5.QtSql import QSqlQuery, QSqlDatabase

>>> con = QSqlDatabase.addDatabase("QSQLITE")
>>> con.setDatabaseName("contacts.sqlite")
>>> con.open()
True

>>> name = "Linda"
>>> job = "Technical Lead"
>>> email = "[email protected]"

>>> query = QSqlQuery()
>>> query.exec(
...     f"""INSERT INTO contacts (name, job, email)
...     VALUES ('{name}', '{job}', '{email}')"""
... )
True

Executando consultas dinâmicas:parâmetros de espaço reservado

1. Estilo Oracle usa espaços reservados nomeados como :name ou :email .
2. Estilo ODBC usa um ponto de interrogação (? ) como um espaço reservado posicional.

1. .bindValue(placeholder, val)
2. .bindValue(pos, val)

28# Creating a query for later execution using .prepare()
29insertDataQuery = QSqlQuery()
30insertDataQuery.prepare(
31    """
32    INSERT INTO contacts (
33        name,
34        job,
35        email
36    )
37    VALUES (?, ?, ?)
38    """
39)
40
41# Sample data
42data = [
43    ("Joe", "Senior Web Developer", "[email protected]"),
44    ("Lara", "Project Manager", "[email protected]"),
45    ("David", "Data Analyst", "[email protected]"),
46    ("Jane", "Senior Python Developer", "[email protected]"),
47]
48
49# Use .addBindValue() to insert data
50for name, job, email in data:
51    insertDataQuery.addBindValue(name)
52    insertDataQuery.addBindValue(job)
53    insertDataQuery.addBindValue(email)
54    insertDataQuery.exec()

Navigating the Records in a Query

>>> from PyQt5.QtSql import QSqlDatabase, QSqlQuery

>>> con = QSqlDatabase.addDatabase("QSQLITE")
>>> con.setDatabaseName("contacts.sqlite")
>>> con.open()
True

>>> # Create and execute a query
>>> query = QSqlQuery()
>>> query.exec("SELECT name, job, email FROM contacts")
True

>>> # First record
>>> query.first()
True

>>> # Named indices for readability
>>> name, job, email = range(3)

>>> # Retrieve data from the first record
>>> query.value(name)
'Linda'

>>> # Next record
>>> query.next()
True
>>> query.value(job)
'Senior Web Developer'

>>> # Last record
>>> query.last()
True
>>> query.value(email)
'[email protected]'

>>> query.exec()
True

>>> while query.next():
...     print(query.value(name), query.value(job), query.value(email))
...
Linda Technical Lead [email protected]
Joe Senior Web Developer [email protected]
...

>>> while query.previous():
...     print(query.value(name), query.value(job), query.value(email))
...
Jane Senior Python Developer [email protected]
David Data Analyst [email protected]
...

>>> query.first()
True

>>> # Get the index of name
>>> name = query.record().indexOf("name")

>>> query.value(name)
'Linda'

>>> # Finish the query object if unneeded
>>> query.finish()
>>> query.isActive()
False

Closing and Removing Database Connections

>>> from PyQt5.QtSql import QSqlDatabase

>>> con = QSqlDatabase.addDatabase("QSQLITE")
>>> con.setDatabaseName("contacts.sqlite")

>>> con.open()
True
>>> con.isOpen()
True

>>> con.close()
>>> con.isOpen()
False

>>> # The connection is closed but still in the list of connections
>>> QSqlDatabase.connectionNames()
['qt_sql_default_connection']

>>> # Remove the default connection
>>> QSqlDatabase.removeDatabase(QSqlDatabase.database().connectionName())

>>> # The connection is no longer in the list of connections
>>> QSqlDatabase.connectionNames()
[]

>>> # Try to open a removed connection
>>> con.open()
False

Displaying and Editing Data With PyQt

1. Standard widgets include internal containers for storing data.
2. View widgets don’t maintain internal data containers but use models to access data.

Understanding PyQt’s Model-View Architecture

1. 
   Models communicate with and access the data. They also define an interface that’s used by views and delegates to access the data. All models are based on QAbstractItemModel . Some commonly used models include QStandardItemModel , QFileSystemModel , and SQL-related models.
   
2. 
   Views are responsible for displaying the data to the user. They also have similar functionality to the controller in the MVC pattern. All views are based on QAbstractItemView . Some commonly used views are QListView , QTableView , and QTreeView .
   
3. 
   Delegates paint view items and provide editor widgets for modifying items. They also communicate back with the model if an item has been modified. The base class is QAbstractItemDelegate .
   

Using Standard Widget Classes

• Editing the content of its items using delegate objects
• Adding new items using .setItem()
• Setting the number of rows and columns using .setRowCount() and .setColumnCount()
• Adding vertical and horizontal header labels using setHorizontalHeaderLabels() and .setVerticalHeaderLabels

 1import sys
 2
 3from PyQt5.QtSql import QSqlDatabase, QSqlQuery
 4from PyQt5.QtWidgets import (
 5    QApplication,
 6    QMainWindow,
 7    QMessageBox,
 8    QTableWidget,
 9    QTableWidgetItem,
10)
11
12class Contacts(QMainWindow):
13    def __init__(self, parent=None):
14        super().__init__(parent)
15        self.setWindowTitle("QTableView Example")
16        self.resize(450, 250)
17        # Set up the view and load the data
18        self.view = QTableWidget()
19        self.view.setColumnCount(4)
20        self.view.setHorizontalHeaderLabels(["ID", "Name", "Job", "Email"])
21        query = QSqlQuery("SELECT id, name, job, email FROM contacts")
22        while query.next():
23            rows = self.view.rowCount()
24            self.view.setRowCount(rows + 1)
25            self.view.setItem(rows, 0, QTableWidgetItem(str(query.value(0))))
26            self.view.setItem(rows, 1, QTableWidgetItem(query.value(1)))
27            self.view.setItem(rows, 2, QTableWidgetItem(query.value(2)))
28            self.view.setItem(rows, 3, QTableWidgetItem(query.value(3)))
29        self.view.resizeColumnsToContents()
30        self.setCentralWidget(self.view)
31
32def createConnection():
33    con = QSqlDatabase.addDatabase("QSQLITE")
34    con.setDatabaseName("contacts.sqlite")
35    if not con.open():
36        QMessageBox.critical(
37            None,
38            "QTableView Example - Error!",
39            "Database Error: %s" % con.lastError().databaseText(),
40        )
41        return False
42    return True
43
44app = QApplication(sys.argv)
45if not createConnection():
46    sys.exit(1)
47win = Contacts()
48win.show()
49sys.exit(app.exec_())

• Lines 18 to 20 create a QTableWidget object, set the number of columns to 4 , and set user-friendly labels for each column’s header.
• Line 21 creates and executes a SELECT SQL query on your database to get all the data in the contacts table.
• Line 22 starts a while loop to navigate the records in the query result using .next() .
• Line 24 increments the number of rows in the table by 1 using .setRowCount() .
• Lines 25 to 28 add items of data to your table using .setItem() . Note that since the values in the id columns are integer numbers, you need to convert them into strings to be able to store them in a QTableWidgetItem object.

1. row holds a zero-based integer that represents the index of a given row in the table.
2. column holds a zero-based integer that represents the index of a given column in the table.
3. item holds the QTableWidgetItem object that you need to place at a given cell in the table.

1. Outside the widget, in your database
2. Inside the widget, in the widget’s internal containers

Using View and Model Classes

 1import sys
 2
 3from PyQt5.QtCore import Qt
 4from PyQt5.QtSql import QSqlDatabase, QSqlTableModel
 5from PyQt5.QtWidgets import (
 6    QApplication,
 7    QMainWindow,
 8    QMessageBox,
 9    QTableView,
10)
11
12class Contacts(QMainWindow):
13    def __init__(self, parent=None):
14        super().__init__(parent)
15        self.setWindowTitle("QTableView Example")
16        self.resize(415, 200)
17        # Set up the model
18        self.model = QSqlTableModel(self)
19        self.model.setTable("contacts")
20        self.model.setEditStrategy(QSqlTableModel.OnFieldChange)
21        self.model.setHeaderData(0, Qt.Horizontal, "ID")
22        self.model.setHeaderData(1, Qt.Horizontal, "Name")
23        self.model.setHeaderData(2, Qt.Horizontal, "Job")
24        self.model.setHeaderData(3, Qt.Horizontal, "Email")
25        self.model.select()
26        # Set up the view
27        self.view = QTableView()
28        self.view.setModel(self.model)
29        self.view.resizeColumnsToContents()
30        self.setCentralWidget(self.view)
31
32def createConnection():
33    con = QSqlDatabase.addDatabase("QSQLITE")
34    con.setDatabaseName("contacts.sqlite")
35    if not con.open():
36        QMessageBox.critical(
37            None,
38            "QTableView Example - Error!",
39            "Database Error: %s" % con.lastError().databaseText(),
40        )
41        return False
42    return True
43
44app = QApplication(sys.argv)
45if not createConnection():
46    sys.exit(1)
47win = Contacts()
48win.show()
49sys.exit(app.exec_())

• Line 18 creates an editable QSqlTableModel object.
• Line 19 connects your model with the contacts table in your database using .setTable() .
• Line 20 sets the edit strategy of the model to OnFieldChange . This strategy allows the model to automatically update the data in your database if the user modifies any of the data directly in the view.
• Lines 21 to 24 set some user-friendly labels to the horizontal headers of the model using .setHeaderData() .
• Line 25 loads the data from your database and populates the model by calling .select() .
• Line 27 creates the table view object to display the data contained in the model.
• Line 28 connects the view with the model by calling .setModel() on the view with your data model as an argument.
• Line 29 calls .resizeColumnsToContents() on the view object to adjust the table to its content.

Using SQL Databases in PyQt:Best Practices

• 
  Favor PyQt’s SQL support over Python standard library or third-party libraries to take advantage of the natural integration of these classes with the rest of PyQt’s classes and infrastructure, mostly with the Model-View architecture.
  
• 
  Use previously prepared dynamic queries with placeholders for parameters and bind values to those parameters using .addBindValue() and .bindValue() . This will help prevent SQL injection attacks.
  
• 
  Handle errors that can occur when opening a database connection to avoid unexpected behaviors and application crashes.
  
• 
  Close and remove unneeded database connections and queries to free any acquired system resources.
  
• 
  Minimize the use of SELECT * queries to avoid problems when retrieving data with .value() .
  
• 
  Pass your passwords to .open() instead of to .setPassword() to avoid the risk of compromising your security.
  
• 
  Take advantage of PyQt’s Model-View architecture and its integration with PyQt’s SQL support to make your applications more robust.
  

Conclusão

• Use PyQt’s SQL support to connect to a database
• Execute SQL queries on a database with PyQt
• Build database applications using PyQt’s Model-View architecture
• Display and edit data from a database using PyQt widgets