Rank() SQL ou algo assim

Use o LAG função analítica:

SELECT "Date",
       GREATEST(
         account_balance - LAG(account_balance, 1, 0) OVER (ORDER BY "Date"),
         0
       ) AS credit,
       GREATEST(
         LAG(account_balance, 1, 0) OVER (ORDER BY "Date") - account_balance,
         0
       ) AS debit,
       account_balance
FROM   table_name

Que, para os dados de amostra:

CREATE TABLE table_name ( "Date", account_balance ) AS
SELECT Date '2021-01-01', +1000 FROM DUAL UNION ALL
SELECT Date '2021-01-02', + 500 FROM DUAL UNION ALL
SELECT Date '2021-01-03', - 200 FROM DUAL;

Saídas:

Para calcular na direção oposta:

SELECT "Date",
       credit,
       debit,
       SUM(credit-debit) OVER (ORDER BY "Date") AS account_balance
FROM   table_name

Que, para os dados de amostra:

CREATE TABLE table_name ( "Date", credit, debit ) AS
SELECT Date '2021-01-01', 1000,   0 FROM DUAL UNION ALL
SELECT Date '2021-01-02',    0, 500 FROM DUAL UNION ALL
SELECT Date '2021-01-03',    0, 700 FROM DUAL;

Saídas:

db<>fiddle aqui