Ok, parece que seu problema é com o aninhado Onde
Tente este:
$name = $_POST['name']; // I'd recommend you use Input::get('name') instead...
$user_list = DB::table('users')
->where('users.user_id' ,'=', $clientId)
->where(function($query) use ($name){
$query->where('users.firstname', 'LIKE', '%'.$name.'%');
$query->orWhere('users.lastname', 'LIKE', '%'.$name.'%');
$query->orWhere('users.email', 'LIKE', '%'.$name.'%');
})
->join('users_roles', 'users.id', '=', 'users_roles.user_id')
->where('users_roles.role_id', '=', Role::USER_PARTICIPANT)
->get();