O “O” em ORDBMS:herança do PostgreSQL

• particionamento de tabela
• multilocação

Introdução à herança

ERROR:  cannot insert into view "rental"
DETAIL:  Views containing UNION, INTERSECT, or EXCEPT are not automatically updatable.
HINT:  To enable inserting into the view, provide an INSTEAD OF INSERT trigger or an unconditional ON INSERT DO INSTEAD rule.

template1=# create database rentaldb_hier;
template1=# \c rentaldb_hier
rentaldb_hier=# create schema boats;
rentaldb_hier=# create schema cars;

rentaldb_hier=# CREATE TABLE rental (
    id integer NOT NULL,
    customerid integer NOT NULL,
    vehicleno text,
    datestart date NOT NULL,
    dateend date
); 

rentaldb_hier=# create table cars.rental(driv_lic_no text NOT NULL) INHERITS (public.rental);
rentaldb_hier=# create table boats.rental(sail_cert_no text) INHERITS (public.rental);

rentaldb_hier=# \d cars.rental
                           Table "cars.rental"
     Column     |         Type          | Collation | Nullable | Default
----------------+-----------------------+-----------+----------+---------
 id             | integer               |           | not null |
 customerid     | integer               |           | not null |
 vehicleno      | text                  |           |          |
 datestart      | date                  |           | not null |
 dateend        | date                  |           |          |
 driv_lic_no | text                  |           | not null |
Inherits: rental

rentaldb_hier=# \d boats.rental
                         Table "boats.rental"
    Column    |         Type          | Collation | Nullable | Default
--------------+-----------------------+-----------+----------+---------
 id           | integer               |           | not null |
 customerid   | integer               |           | not null |
 vehicleno    | text                  |           |          |
 datestart    | date                  |           | not null |
 dateend      | date                  |           |          |
 sail_cert_no | text                  |           |          |
Inherits: rental

rentaldb_hier=# insert into rental (id, customerid, vehicleno, datestart) VALUES(1,1,'SOME ABSTRACT PLATE NO',current_date);
rentaldb_hier=# insert into cars.rental (id, customerid, vehicleno, datestart,driv_lic_no) VALUES(2,1,'INI 8888',current_date,'gr690131');
rentaldb_hier=# insert into boats.rental (id, customerid, vehicleno, datestart) VALUES(3,2,'INI 9999',current_date);

rentaldb_hier=# select * from rental ;
 id | customerid |       vehicleno        | datestart  | dateend
----+------------+------------------------+------------+---------
  1 |          1 | SOME ABSTRACT PLATE NO | 2018-08-31 |
  2 |          1 | INI 8888               | 2018-08-31 |
  3 |          2 | INI 9999               | 2018-08-31 |
(3 rows)

rentaldb_hier=# select * from boats.rental ;
 id | customerid | vehicleno | datestart  | dateend | sail_cert_no
----+------------+-----------+------------+---------+--------------
  3 |          2 | INI 9999  | 2018-08-31 |         |
(1 row)

rentaldb_hier=# select * from cars.rental ;
 id | customerid | vehicleno | datestart  | dateend | driv_lic_no
----+------------+-----------+------------+---------+-------------
  2 |          1 | INI 8888  | 2018-08-31 |         | gr690131
(1 row)

rentaldb_hier=# select * from ONLY rental ;
 id | customerid |       vehicleno        | datestart  | dateend
----+------------+------------------------+------------+---------
  1 |          1 | SOME ABSTRACT PLATE NO | 2018-08-31 |
(1 row)

rentaldb_hier=# select tableoid::regclass,* from rental ;
   tableoid   | id | customerid |       vehicleno        | datestart  | dateend
--------------+----+------------+------------------------+------------+---------
 rental       |  1 |          1 | SOME ABSTRACT PLATE NO | 2018-08-31 |
 cars.rental  |  2 |          1 | INI 8888               | 2018-08-31 |
 boats.rental |  3 |          2 | INI 9999               | 2018-08-31 |
(3 rows)

Fatos e advertências importantes sobre a herança do PostgreSQL

• NOT NULL restrições
• VERIFICAR restrições

• Restrições de CHAVE PRIMÁRIA
• Restrições ÚNICAS
• Restrições FOREIGN KEY

• A maioria dos comandos funciona em toda a hierarquia e suporta a notação ONLY. No entanto, alguns comandos de baixo nível (REINDEX, VACUUM, etc) funcionam apenas nas tabelas físicas nomeadas pelo comando. Certifique-se de ler a documentação sempre em caso de dúvida.
• As restrições FOREIGN KEY (a tabela pai está no lado de referência) não são herdadas. Isso é facilmente resolvido especificando a mesma restrição FK em todas as tabelas filhas da hierarquia.
• A partir deste ponto (PostgreSQL 10), não há como ter UNIQUE INDEX global (PRIMARY KEYs ou restrições UNIQUE) em um grupo de tabelas. Como resultado disso:
  • As restrições PRIMARY KEY e UNIQUE não são herdadas, e não há uma maneira fácil de impor exclusividade em uma coluna em todos os membros da hierarquia
  • Quando a tabela pai está no lado referenciado de uma restrição FOREIGN KEY, a verificação é feita apenas para os valores da coluna em linhas genuinamente (fisicamente) pertencentes à tabela pai, não em quaisquer tabelas filhas.
  >

Herança na prática

create table vehicle (id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY, plate_no text NOT NULL, maker TEXT NOT NULL, model TEXT NOT NULL,vin text not null);
create table vehicle_service(id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY, vehicleid INT NOT NULL REFERENCES vehicle(id), service TEXT NOT NULL, date_performed DATE NOT NULL DEFAULT now(), cost real not null);
rentaldb=# insert into vehicle (plate_no,maker,model,vin) VALUES ('INI888','Hyundai','i20','HH999');
rentaldb=# insert into vehicle_service (vehicleid,service,cost) VALUES(1,'engine oil change/filters',50);

rentaldb=# create schema cars;
rentaldb=# create table cars.vehicle (CONSTRAINT vehicle_pkey PRIMARY KEY(id) ) INHERITS (public.vehicle);
rentaldb=# \d cars.vehicle
                              Table "cars.vehicle"
  Column  |  Type   | Collation | Nullable |               Default               
----------+---------+-----------+----------+-------------------------------------
 id       | integer |           | not null | nextval('vehicle_id_seq'::regclass)
 plate_no | text    |           | not null |
 maker    | text    |           | not null |
 model    | text    |           | not null |
 vin      | text    |           | not null |
Indexes:
    "vehicle_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (id)
Inherits: vehicle

rentaldb=# create schema boats;
rentaldb=# create table boats.vehicle (CONSTRAINT vehicle_pkey PRIMARY KEY(id) ) INHERITS (public.vehicle);
rentaldb=# \d boats.vehicle
                              Table "boats.vehicle"
  Column  |  Type   | Collation | Nullable |               Default               
----------+---------+-----------+----------+-------------------------------------
 id       | integer |           | not null | nextval('vehicle_id_seq'::regclass)
 plate_no | text    |           | not null |
 maker    | text    |           | not null |
 model    | text    |           | not null |
 vin      | text    |           | not null |
Indexes:
    "vehicle_pkey" PRIMARY KEY, btree (id)
Inherits: vehicle

rentaldb=# alter table vehicle_service drop CONSTRAINT vehicle_service_vehicleid_fkey ;

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.vehicle_service_fk_to_vehicle() RETURNS TRIGGER
        LANGUAGE plpgsql
AS $$
DECLARE
tmp INTEGER;
BEGIN
        IF (TG_OP = 'DELETE') THEN
          RAISE EXCEPTION 'TRIGGER : % called on unsuported op : %',TG_NAME, TG_OP;
        END IF;
        SELECT vh.id INTO tmp FROM public.vehicle vh WHERE vh.id=NEW.vehicleid;
        IF NOT FOUND THEN
          RAISE EXCEPTION '%''d % (id=%) with NEW.vehicleid (%) does not match any vehicle ',TG_OP, TG_TABLE_NAME, NEW.id, NEW.vehicleid USING ERRCODE = 'foreign_key_violation';
        END IF;
        RETURN NEW;
END
$$
;

CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER vehicle_service_fk_to_vehicle_tg AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE ON public.vehicle_service FROM public.vehicle DEFERRABLE FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE public.vehicle_service_fk_to_vehicle();

rentaldb=# insert into vehicle_service (vehicleid,service,cost) VALUES(2,'engine oil change/filters',50);
ERROR:  INSERT'd vehicle_service (id=2) with NEW.vehicleid (2) does not match any vehicle
CONTEXT:  PL/pgSQL function vehicle_service_fk_to_vehicle() line 10 at RAISE

rentaldb=# insert into boats.vehicle (maker, model,plate_no,vin) VALUES('Zodiac','xx','INI000','ZZ20011');
rentaldb=# select * from vehicle;
 id | plate_no |  maker  | model |   vin   
----+----------+---------+-------+---------
  1 | INI888   | Hyundai | i20   | HH999
  2 | INI000   | Zodiac  | xx    | ZZ20011
(2 rows)

rentaldb=# insert into vehicle_service (vehicleid,service,cost) VALUES(2,'engine oil change/filters',50);

CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION public.vehicle_fk_from_vehicle_service() RETURNS TRIGGER
        LANGUAGE plpgsql
AS $$
DECLARE
tmp INTEGER;
BEGIN
        IF (TG_OP = 'INSERT') THEN
          RAISE EXCEPTION 'TRIGGER : % called on unsuported op : %',TG_NAME, TG_OP;
        END IF;
        IF (TG_OP = 'DELETE' OR OLD.id <> NEW.id) THEN
          SELECT vhs.id INTO tmp FROM vehicle_service vhs WHERE vhs.vehicleid=OLD.id;
          IF FOUND THEN
            RAISE EXCEPTION '%''d % (OLD id=%) matches existing vehicle_service with id=%',TG_OP, TG_TABLE_NAME, OLD.id,tmp USING ERRCODE = 'foreign_key_violation';
          END IF;
        END IF;
        IF (TG_OP = 'UPDATE') THEN
                RETURN NEW;
        ELSE
                RETURN OLD;
        END IF;
END
$$
;

CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER vehicle_fk_from_vehicle_service AFTER DELETE OR UPDATE
ON public.vehicle FROM vehicle_service DEFERRABLE FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE vehicle_fk_from_vehicle_service();

CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER vehicle_fk_from_vehicle_service AFTER DELETE OR UPDATE
ON cars.vehicle FROM vehicle_service DEFERRABLE FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE vehicle_fk_from_vehicle_service();

CREATE CONSTRAINT TRIGGER vehicle_fk_from_vehicle_service AFTER DELETE OR UPDATE
ON boats.vehicle FROM vehicle_service DEFERRABLE FOR EACH ROW EXECUTE PROCEDURE vehicle_fk_from_vehicle_service();

rentaldb=# delete from vehicle where id=2;
ERROR:  DELETE'd vehicle (OLD id=2) matches existing vehicle_service with id=3
CONTEXT:  PL/pgSQL function vehicle_fk_from_vehicle_service() line 11 at RAISE

rentaldb=# begin ;
rentaldb=# set constraints ALL deferred ;
rentaldb=# set session_replication_role TO replica;
rentaldb=# insert into cars.vehicle select * from only public.vehicle;
rentaldb=# delete from only public.vehicle;
rentaldb=# commit ;