Página http://packages.ubuntu.com/saucy/ i386/libboost-thread1.54-dev/filelist mostra que o pacote libboost-thread do Ubuntu tem libboost_thread.so arquivo de biblioteca, não libboost_thread-mt.so
Então, o comando correto é:
[email protected] :/home/user/Desktop# g++ mongotest.cpp -pthread -lmongoclient -lboost_thread -lboost_filesystem -lboost_program_options -lboost_system -o tutorial