Comparar vários períodos

Sua tarefa como eu a entendo:

1. 
   Forneça intervalos de datas como filtros.
   
2. 
   Combinar intervalos de datas em invoice tabela por código. Pode resultar em um ou mais intervalos por código.
   
3. 
   Procure sobreposições entre filtros e faturas combinadas
   
4. 
   Classificar:totalmente coberto/parcialmente coberto.Pode resultar em uma cobertura total, uma ou duas coberturas parciais ou nenhuma cobertura.Reduzir ao nível máximo de cobertura.
   
5. 
   Exiba uma linha para cada combinação de (filtro, código) com a cobertura resultante, em uma ordem de classificação sensata
   

Intervalos de filtros ad hoc

WITH filter(filter_id, startdate, enddate) AS (
    VALUES
      (1, '2012-05-01'::date, '2012-06-05'::date) -- list filters here.
     ,(2, '2012-05-01', '2012-05-31')
     ,(3, '2012-06-01', '2012-06-30')
    )
SELECT * FROM filter;

Combinar intervalos de datas sobrepostos/adjacentes por código

WITH a AS (
    SELECT code, startdate, enddate
          ,max(enddate) OVER (PARTITION BY code ORDER BY startdate) AS max_end
-- Calculate the cumulative maximum end of the ranges sorted by start
    FROM   invoice
    ), b AS (
    SELECT *
          ,CASE WHEN lag(max_end) OVER (PARTITION BY code
                                        ORDER BY startdate) + 2 > startdate
-- Compare to the cumulative maximum end of the last row.
-- Only if there is a gap, start a new group. Therefore the + 2.
           THEN 0 ELSE 1 END AS step
    FROM   a
    ), c AS (
    SELECT code, startdate, enddate, max_end
          ,sum(step) OVER (PARTITION BY code ORDER BY startdate) AS grp
-- Members of the same date range end up in the same grp
-- If there is a gap, the grp number is incremented one step
    FROM   b
    )
SELECT code, grp
      ,min(startdate) AS startdate
      ,max(enddate) AS enddate
FROM   c
GROUP  BY 1, 2
ORDER  BY 1, 2

SELECT DISTINCT code, grp
          ,first_value(startdate) OVER w AS startdate
          ,last_value(enddate) OVER w AS enddate
FROM   c
WINDOW W AS (PARTITION BY code, grp ORDER BY startdate
             RANGE BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) 
ORDER  BY 1, 2;

Combinar em uma consulta

WITH 
    -- supply one or more filter values
    filter(filter_id, startdate, enddate) AS (
    VALUES
      (1, '2012-05-01'::date, '2012-06-05'::date) -- cast values in first row
     ,(2, '2012-05-01', '2012-05-31')
     ,(3, '2012-06-01', '2012-06-30')
    )
    -- combine date ranges per code
    ,a AS (
    SELECT code, startdate, enddate
          ,max(enddate) OVER (PARTITION BY code ORDER BY startdate) AS max_end
    FROM   invoice
    ), b AS (
    SELECT *
          ,CASE WHEN (lag(max_end) OVER (PARTITION BY code ORDER BY startdate)
                      + 2) > startdate THEN 0 ELSE 1 END AS step
    FROM   a
    ), c AS (
    SELECT code, startdate, enddate, max_end
          ,sum(step) OVER (PARTITION BY code ORDER BY startdate) AS grp
    FROM   b
    ), i AS ( -- substitutes original invoice table
    SELECT code, grp
          ,min(startdate) AS startdate
          ,max(enddate) AS enddate
    FROM   c
    GROUP  BY 1, 2
    )
    -- match filters
    , x AS (
    SELECT f.filter_id, i.code
            ,bool_or(f.startdate >= i.startdate
              AND f.enddate   <= i.enddate) AS full_cover
    FROM   filter f
    JOIN   i ON i.enddate >= f.startdate
            AND i.startdate <= f.enddate -- only overlapping
    GROUP  BY 1,2
    )
SELECT f.*, i.code
      ,CASE x.full_cover
        WHEN TRUE  THEN 'fully covered'
        WHEN FALSE THEN 'partially covered'
        ELSE            'invoice missing'
       END AS covered
FROM   (SELECT DISTINCT code FROM i) i
CROSS  JOIN filter f -- all combinations of filter and code
LEFT   JOIN x USING (filter_id, code)    -- join in overlapping
ORDER  BY filter_id, code;