Se você tiver um número fixo de colunas, poderá usar uma matriz:
select studentnr, name, gradenumber,
languages[1] as language_1,
languages[2] as language_2,
languages[3] as language_3,
languages[4] as language_4,
languages[5] as language_5
FROM (
SELECT s.studentnumber as studentnr,
p.firstname AS name,
sl.gradenumber as gradenumber,
array_agg(DISTINCT l.text) as languages
FROM student s
JOIN pupil p ON p.id = s.pupilid
JOIN pupillanguage pl on pl.pupilid = p.id
JOIN language l on l.id = pl.languageid
JOIN schoollevel sl ON sl.id = p.schoollevelid
GROUP BY s.studentnumber, p.firstname
) t
Observe que
distinct geralmente não é necessário quando você usa group by 
