Você pode participar da subconsulta e faça uma ATUALIZAÇÃO :
UPDATE table_name t2
SET t2.rank=
SELECT t1.rank FROM(
SELECT company,
direction,
type,
YEAR,
MONTH,
value,
rank() OVER (PARTITION BY direction, type, YEAR, MONTH ORDER BY value DESC) AS rank
FROM table_name
GROUP BY company,
direction,
TYPE,
YEAR,
MONTH,
VALUE
ORDER BY company,
direction,
TYPE,
YEAR,
MONTH,
VALUE
) t1
WHERE t1.company = t2.company
AND t1.direction = t2.direction;
Adicione as condições necessárias ao predicado.
Ou,
Você pode usar MERGE e mantenha essa consulta na seção USING cláusula:
MERGE INTO table_name t USING
(SELECT company,
direction,
TYPE,
YEAR,
MONTH,
VALUE,
rank() OVER (PARTITION BY direction, TYPE, YEAR, MONTH ORDER BY VALUE DESC) AS rank
FROM table1
GROUP BY company,
direction,
TYPE,
YEAR,
MONTH,
VALUE
ORDER BY company,
direction,
TYPE,
YEAR,
MONTH,
VALUE
) s
ON(t.company = s.company AND t.direction = s.direction)
WHEN MATCHED THEN
UPDATE SET t.rank = s.rank;
Adicione as condições necessárias na cláusula ON.