Como armazenar registros históricos em uma tabela de histórico no SQL Server

Description:
    Table Triggers For (Insert, Update, Delete)
    Active table has current records.
    Audit (history) table for non-active records.

Pros:
    Active table has smaller # of records.
    Index in active table is small.
    Change is quickly reported in audit table.
    Tells you what change was made (ins, del, upd)

Cons:
    Have to join two tables to do historical reporting.
    Does not track schema changes.

Description:
    Table Triggers For (Insert, Update, Delete)
    Main table has both active and historical records.

Pros:
    Historical reporting is easy.
    Change is quickly shown in main table.

Cons:
    Main table has a large # of records.
    Index of main table is large.
    Both active & history records in same filegroup.
    Does not tell you what change was made (ins, del, upd)
    Does not track schema changes.

Description:
    Enable change data capture

Pros:
    Do not need to add triggers or tables to capture data.
    Tells you what change was made (ins, del, upd) the _$operation field in 
    <user_defined_table_CT>
    Tracks schema changes.    

Cons:
    Only available in enterprise version.
    Since it reads the log after the fact, time delay in data showing up.
    The CDC tables do not track who or what made the change.
    Disabling CDC removes the tables (not nice)!
    Need to decode and use the _$update_mask to figure out what columns changed.

Description:
    Enable change tracking

Cons:
    Not a good auditing solution

-- 
-- 7 - Auditing data changes (table for DML trigger)
-- 


-- Delete existing table
IF OBJECT_ID('[AUDIT].[LOG_TABLE_CHANGES]') IS NOT NULL 
  DROP TABLE [AUDIT].[LOG_TABLE_CHANGES]
GO


-- Add the table
CREATE TABLE [AUDIT].[LOG_TABLE_CHANGES]
(
  [CHG_ID] [numeric](18, 0) IDENTITY(1,1) NOT NULL,
  [CHG_DATE] [datetime] NOT NULL,
  [CHG_TYPE] [varchar](20) NOT NULL,
  [CHG_BY] [nvarchar](256) NOT NULL,
  [APP_NAME] [nvarchar](128) NOT NULL,
  [HOST_NAME] [nvarchar](128) NOT NULL,
  [SCHEMA_NAME] [sysname] NOT NULL,
  [OBJECT_NAME] [sysname] NOT NULL,
  [XML_RECSET] [xml] NULL,
 CONSTRAINT [PK_LTC_CHG_ID] PRIMARY KEY CLUSTERED ([CHG_ID] ASC)
) ON [PRIMARY]
GO

-- Add defaults for key information
ALTER TABLE [AUDIT].[LOG_TABLE_CHANGES] ADD CONSTRAINT [DF_LTC_CHG_DATE] DEFAULT (getdate()) FOR [CHG_DATE];
ALTER TABLE [AUDIT].[LOG_TABLE_CHANGES] ADD CONSTRAINT [DF_LTC_CHG_TYPE] DEFAULT ('') FOR [CHG_TYPE];
ALTER TABLE [AUDIT].[LOG_TABLE_CHANGES] ADD CONSTRAINT [DF_LTC_CHG_BY] DEFAULT (coalesce(suser_sname(),'?')) FOR [CHG_BY];
ALTER TABLE [AUDIT].[LOG_TABLE_CHANGES] ADD CONSTRAINT [DF_LTC_APP_NAME] DEFAULT (coalesce(app_name(),'?')) FOR [APP_NAME];
ALTER TABLE [AUDIT].[LOG_TABLE_CHANGES] ADD CONSTRAINT [DF_LTC_HOST_NAME] DEFAULT (coalesce(host_name(),'?')) FOR [HOST_NAME];
GO



--
--  8 - Make DML trigger to capture changes
--


-- Delete existing trigger
IF OBJECT_ID('[ACTIVE].[TRG_FLUID_DATA]') IS NOT NULL 
  DROP TRIGGER [ACTIVE].[TRG_FLUID_DATA]
GO

-- Add trigger to log all changes
CREATE TRIGGER [ACTIVE].[TRG_FLUID_DATA] ON [ACTIVE].[CARS_BY_COUNTRY]
  FOR INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE AS
BEGIN

  -- Detect inserts
  IF EXISTS (select * from inserted) AND NOT EXISTS (select * from deleted)
  BEGIN
    INSERT [AUDIT].[LOG_TABLE_CHANGES] ([CHG_TYPE], [SCHEMA_NAME], [OBJECT_NAME], [XML_RECSET])
    SELECT 'INSERT', '[ACTIVE]', '[CARS_BY_COUNTRY]', (SELECT * FROM inserted as Record for xml auto, elements , root('RecordSet'), type)
    RETURN;
  END

  -- Detect deletes
  IF EXISTS (select * from deleted) AND NOT EXISTS (select * from inserted)
  BEGIN
    INSERT [AUDIT].[LOG_TABLE_CHANGES] ([CHG_TYPE], [SCHEMA_NAME], [OBJECT_NAME], [XML_RECSET])
    SELECT 'DELETE', '[ACTIVE]', '[CARS_BY_COUNTRY]', (SELECT * FROM deleted as Record for xml auto, elements , root('RecordSet'), type)
    RETURN;
  END

  -- Update inserts
  IF EXISTS (select * from inserted) AND EXISTS (select * from deleted)
  BEGIN
    INSERT [AUDIT].[LOG_TABLE_CHANGES] ([CHG_TYPE], [SCHEMA_NAME], [OBJECT_NAME], [XML_RECSET])
    SELECT 'UPDATE', '[ACTIVE]', '[CARS_BY_COUNTRY]', (SELECT * FROM deleted as Record for xml auto, elements , root('RecordSet'), type)
    RETURN;
  END

END;
GO



--
--  9 - Test DML trigger by updating, deleting and inserting data
--

-- Execute an update
UPDATE [ACTIVE].[CARS_BY_COUNTRY]
SET COUNTRY_NAME = 'Czech Republic'
WHERE COUNTRY_ID = 8
GO

-- Remove all data
DELETE FROM [ACTIVE].[CARS_BY_COUNTRY];
GO

-- Execute the load
EXECUTE [ACTIVE].[USP_LOAD_CARS_BY_COUNTRY];
GO 

-- Show the audit trail
SELECT * FROM [AUDIT].[LOG_TABLE_CHANGES]
GO

-- Disable the trigger
ALTER TABLE [ACTIVE].[CARS_BY_COUNTRY] DISABLE TRIGGER [TRG_FLUID_DATA];