Tente esta consulta:
select cd.Dt
, t.Dt_next
, cd.customer_id
, cd.buy_time
, cd.money_spent
from (
select Dt
, LEAD(Dt) OVER (PARTITION BY customer_id ORDER BY Dt) AS Dt_next
, customer_id
from (
select distinct Dt, customer_id
from #customer_data
) t
) t
inner join #customer_data cd on t.customer_id = cd.customer_id and t.Dt = cd.Dt
Por que campo
money_spent
tem tipo float? Você pode ter problemas com cálculos. Converta-o para o tipo decimal.