O erro é do postgres e não do django. Você pode reescrever isso como:
WITH v_table_name AS
(
SELECT row_number() over (partition by col2 order by col3) AS rn, primary_key
FROM table_name
)
UPDATE table_name set table_name.col1 = v_table_name.rn
FROM v_table_name
WHERE table_name.primary_key = v_table_name.primary_key;
Ou alternativamente:
UPDATE table_name set table_name.col1 = v_table_name.rn
FROM
(
SELECT row_number() over (partition by col2 order by col3) AS rn, primary_key
FROM table_name
) AS v_table_name
WHERE table_name.primary_key = v_table_name.primary_key;
Isso funciona. Acabei de testar no postgres-9.6. Aqui está a sintaxe para UPDATE (veja o opcional fromlist ).
Espero que isto ajude.